...VMS.

Apologies to DOS, OS/2, and VMS users. I've used all three, and each have their good points.

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...programs.

This was actually determined by the hardware Unix original ran on. For some strange reason, the resulting operating system was very useful on other hardware.

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...Novell

It was recently sold to Novell. Previously, USL was owned by AT&T.;

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...SVR4

System five, revision four.

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...code

The instructions that people write, as distinct from zeros and ones.

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...support

That's a form of networking. More on that later.

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...appeared

However, because you have all the source code, you can easily disable this particular escape sequence and recompile the kernel.

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...differently.

Discrimination? Perhaps. You decide.

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...herself

From here on in this book, I shall be using the masculine pronouns to identify all people. This is the standard English convention, and people shouldn't take it as a statement that only men can use computers.

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...80386

When I refer to the 80386, I am also talking about the 80486 unless I specifically say so. Also, I'll be abbreviating 80386 as 386.

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...it.

To avoid possibly weakening some hardware components, only turn off the computer when you're done for the day.

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...in.

``Compiled'' is the process by which a computer program that a human writes gets translated into something the computer understands. A feature that has been ``compiled in'' has been included in the program.

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...English;

An editor has scolded me for my United States chauvinism, so you don't have to send me mean mail messages!

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...document.

This may change in latter `versions' of this book.

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...this:

The `&#;` ' indicates that the user typed a space.

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...Ctrl-D

Hold down the key labeled ``Ctrl'' and press ``d'', then let go.

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...command

Or system call, subroutine, file format etc.

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...directories.

There may or may not be a limit to how ``deep'' the file system can go. You can easily have directories 10 levels down.

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...directory

You'll see all the terms in this book: present working directory, current directory, or working directory. I prefer ``current directory'', although at times the other forms will be used for stylistic purposes.

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...``X''

There are several acceptable ways to refer to The X Window System, although ``X Windows'' is not one of them.

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...window

You can have more then one copy of xterm running at the same time!

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...buttons

Many PCs have only two button mice. If this is the case for you, you should be able to emulate a middle button by using the left and right buttons simultaneously.

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...characters.

62#62 means hold down the key labeled ``Ctrl'', then press the ``t'' key. Then release the ``Ctrl'' key.

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...it

cp /etc/rc this-is-a-long-file

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...problem.

For impatient readers, the command you might want to try is more. However, there's still a bit more to talk about before we get there.

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...NAME=5979>;.

more; is named because that's the prompt it originally displayed: -more-. In many versions of the more command is identical to a more advanced command that does all that more can do and more. Its name? less;, of course!

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...it.

more also allows the command more /etc/rc.

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...them.

This only makes sense for certain system programs that don't have to talk to users through a keyboard.

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...PID.

In general, it's easier to just kill the job number instead of using PIDs.

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...2).

Make sure you are doing this from text consoles: if you are running X windows or some other graphical application, it probably won't work, although rumor has it that X Windows will soon allow virtual console switching under Linux.

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...together.

Please note that the short summaries on commands in this chapter are not comprehensive. Please consult the command's manpage if you want to know every option.

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...it.

Older filesystems in only stored one date, since they were derived from Minix. If you have one of these filesystems, some of the information will merely be unavailable-operation will be mostly unchanged.

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...what.

One cancelled US stamp to the first person who tells me what is does stand for!

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...English.

While there are versions of this for several other European languages, the copy on your machine is most likely for American English and only American English. Sorry.

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...directory

For instance, cp /usr/src/linux/README ./README

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...respectively.

In case you hadn't noticed yet, many of Emacs's movement commands consist of combining 100#100 with a single mnemonic letter.

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...trouble

If you are not the ``root'' user on the machine, you shouldn't be able to hurt the system anyway, but be careful just the same.

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...C-g!

Occasionally, even one C-g isn't enough to persuade Emacs that you really wanted to interrupt what you're doing. Just keep at it, and Emacs will usually return to a saner mode.

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...minibuffer.

On some terminals, C-SPC doesn't work. For these machines, you must use C-@.

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...C-q

We call C-q a ``key'', even though it is produced by holding down 100#100 and pressing ``q'', because it is a single ASCII character.

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...them

To make matters worse, there are ``Major Modes'' and ``Minor Modes'', but you don't need to know about that right now.

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...Emacs

Richard Stallman;, also sometimes referred to as ``rms'', because that's his login name.

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...Lisp

Sometimes unofficially called ``Elisp''.

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...interface

By the way, cmuscheme was the interface I was talking about earlier, in the section on working with Scheme, so if you want to use any of the stuff from that tutorial, you need to make sure that you run cmuscheme.

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...program

Now you see why shells are so important. Imagine if you had to pass a whole environment by hand every time you called a program!

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...involved

Remember that you can always execute programs in the current directory by being explicit about it, i.e.: ``./foo''.

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...server

The ``server'' just means the main X process on your machine, the one with which all other X programs must communicate in order to use the display. These other programs are known as ``clients'', and the whole deal is called a ``client-server'' system.

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...not!

This is one of the harsh facts about init files: they generally each have their own idiosyncratic command language. This means that users get very good at learning command languages quickly. I suppose that it would have been nice if early Unix programmers had agreed on some standard init file format, so that we wouldn't have to learn new syntaxes all the time, but to be fair it's hard to predict what kinds of information programs will need.

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...filesystems

Distributed filesystems allow files to appear like their local to a machine when they are actually located somewhere else.

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...comp.unix.admin

A discussion group in Usenet, which talks about administring Unix computers.

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...documentation

Especially this one!

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