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@shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual

GNU Emacs Manual

Eleventh Edition, Updated for Emacs Version 19.29

Eleventh Edition
Updated for Emacs Version 19.29,
June 1995

ISBN 1-882114-52-3

Published by the Free Software Foundation
59 Temple Place, Suite 330
Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English.

Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.

Distrib: How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
Copying: The GNU General Public License gives you permission to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; it also explains that there is no warranty.
Intro: An introduction to Emacs concepts.
Glossary: The glossary.
Antinews: Information about Emacs version 19.28.
MS-DOS: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG").
Manifesto: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! Indexes, nodes containing large menus
Key Index: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
Command Index: An item for each command name.
Variable Index: An item for each documented variable.
Concept Index: An item for each concept. Important General Concepts
Screen: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
User Input: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, function keys).
Keys: Key sequences: what you type to request one editing action.
Commands: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
Text Characters: Character set for text (the contents of buffers and strings).
Entering Emacs: Starting Emacs from the shell.
Exiting: Stopping or killing Emacs.
Command Arguments: Hairy startup options. Fundamental Editing Commands
Basic: The most basic editing commands.
Minibuffer: Entering arguments that are prompted for.
M-x: Invoking commands by their names.
Help: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. Important Text-Changing Commands
Mark: The mark: how to delimit a "region" of text.
Killing: Killing text.
Yanking: Recovering killed text. Moving text.
Accumulating Text: Other ways of copying text.
Rectangles: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
Registers: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
Display: Controlling what text is displayed.
Search: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
Fixit: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. Larger Units of Text
Files: All about handling files.
Buffers: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
Windows: Viewing two pieces of text at once.
Frames: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. Advanced Features
Major Modes: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
Indentation: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
Text: Commands and modes for editing English.
Programs: Commands and modes for editing programs.
Building: Compiling, running and debugging programs.
Abbrevs: How to define text abbreviations to reduce the number of characters you must type.
Picture: Editing pictures made up of characters using the quarter-plane screen model.
Sending Mail: Sending mail in Emacs.
Rmail: Reading mail in Emacs.
Dired: You can "edit" a directory to manage files in it.
Calendar/Diary: The calendar and diary facilities.
GNUS: How to read netnews with Emacs.
Shell: Executing shell commands from Emacs.
Emacs Server: Using Emacs as an editing server for mail, etc.
Hardcopy: Printing buffers or regions.
Postscript: Printing buffers or regions as Postscript.
Sorting: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
Narrowing: Restricting display and editing to a portion of the buffer.
Two-Column: Splitting apart columns to edit them in side-by-side windows.
Editing Binary Files: Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
Saving Emacs Sessions: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
Recursive Edit: A command can allow you to do editing "within the command". This is called a `recursive editing level'.
Emulation: Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
Dissociated Press: Dissociating text for fun.
Amusements: Various games and hacks.
Customization: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. Recovery from Problems.
Quitting: Quitting and aborting.
Lossage: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
Bugs: How and when to report a bug.
Service: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: -- The Detailed Node Listing --- The Organization of the Screen
Point: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
Echo Area: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
Mode Line: Interpreting the mode line. Basic Editing Commands
Inserting Text: Inserting text by simply typing it.
Moving Point: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to change something.
Erasing: Deleting and killing text.
Undo: Undoing recently made changes in the text.
Files: Visiting, creating, and saving files.
Help: Asking what a character does.
Blank Lines: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
Continuation Lines: Lines too wide for the screen.
Position Info: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
Arguments: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. The Minibuffer
Minibuffer File: Entering file names with the minibuffer.
Minibuffer Edit: How to edit in the minibuffer.
Completion: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
Minibuffer History: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
Repetition: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. Help
Key Help: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
Name Help: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
Apropos: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
Library Keywords: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
Misc Help: Other help commands. The Mark and the Region
Setting Mark: Commands to set the mark.
Transient Mark: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- when there is one.
Using Region: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
Marking Objects: Commands to put region around textual units.
Mark Ring: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
Global Mark Ring: Previous mark positions in various buffers. Deletion and Killing
Deletion: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and blank areas.
Killing by Lines: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
Other Kill Commands: Commands to kill large regions of text and syntactic units such as words and sentences. Yanking
Kill Ring: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
Appending Kills: Several kills in a row all yank together.
Earlier Kills: Yanking something killed some time ago. Registers
RegPos: Saving positions in registers.
RegText: Saving text in registers.
RegRect: Saving rectangles in registers.
RegConfig: Saving window configurations in registers.
RegFiles: File names in registers.
Bookmarks: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. Controlling the Display
Scrolling: Moving text up and down in a window.
Horizontal Scrolling: Moving text left and right in a window.
Selective Display: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
Optional Mode Line: Optional mode line features.
European Display: Displaying (and entering) European characters.
Display Vars: Information on variables for customizing display. Searching and Replacement
Incremental Search: Search happens as you type the string.
Nonincremental Search: Specify entire string and then search.
Word Search: Search for sequence of words.
Regexp Search: Search for match for a regexp.
Regexps: Syntax of regular expressions.
Search Case: To ignore case while searching, or not.
Replace: Search, and replace some or all matches.
Other Repeating Search: Operating on all matches for some regexp. Replacement Commands
Unconditional Replace: Replacing all matches for a string.
Regexp Replace: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
Replacement and Case: How replacements preserve case of letters.
Query Replace: How to use querying. Commands for Fixing Typos
Kill Errors: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
Transpose: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
Fixing Case: Correcting case of last word entered.
Spelling: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. File Handling
File Names: How to type and edit file name arguments.
Visiting: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
Saving: Saving makes your changes permanent.
Reverting: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
Auto Save: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
File Aliases: Handling multiple names for one file.
Version Control: Version control systems (RCS and SCCS).
Directories: Listing the contents of a file directory.
Comparing Files: Finding where two files differ.
Misc File Ops: Other things you can do on files. Saving Files
Backup: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
Interlocking: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing of one file by two users. Version Control
Version Systems: Supported version control back end systems.
VC Concepts: Basic version control information; checking files in and out.
Editing with VC: Commands for editing a file maintained with version control.
Log Entries: Logging your changes.
Change Logs and VC: Generating a change log file from log entries.
Old Versions: Examining and comparing old versions.
Branches: Selecting a branch to put your changes in, and creating a new branch.
Status in VC: Commands to view the VC status of files and look at log entries.
Renaming and VC: A command to rename both the source and master file correctly.
Snapshots: How to make and use snapshots, a set of file versions that can be treated as a unit.
Version Headers: Inserting version control headers into working files.
Customizing VC: Variables to change VC's behavior. Using Multiple Buffers
Select Buffer: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
List Buffers: Getting a list of buffers that exist.
Misc Buffer: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text.
Kill Buffer: Killing buffers you no longer need.
Several Buffers: How to go through the list of all buffers and operate variously on several of them.
Indirect Buffers: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. Multiple Windows
Basic Window: Introduction to Emacs windows.
Split Window: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
Other Window: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
Pop Up Window: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
Change Window: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. Frames and X Windows
Mouse Commands: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
Secondary Selection: Cutting without altering point and mark.
Mouse References: Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
Mode Line Mouse: Mouse clicks on the mode line.
Creating Frames: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
Special Buffer Frames: You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
Frame Parameters: Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
Scroll Bars: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
Menu Bars: Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
Faces: How to change the display style using faces.
Modifying Faces: How to change what a particular face looks like.
Misc X: Iconifying and deleting frames. Region highlighting. Major Modes
Choosing Modes: How major modes are specified or chosen. Indentation
Indentation Commands: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
Tab Stops: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
Just Spaces: You can request indentation using just spaces. Commands for Human Languages
Words: Moving over and killing words.
Sentences: Moving over and killing sentences.
Paragraphs: Moving over paragraphs.
Pages: Moving over pages.
Filling: Filling or justifying text.
Case: Changing the case of text.
Text Mode: The major modes for editing text files.
Outline Mode: The major mode for editing outlines.
TeX Mode: The major modes for editing input to the formatter TeX.
Nroff Mode: The major mode for editing input to the formatter nroff.
Formatted Text: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. Filling Text
Auto Fill: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
Fill Commands: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
Fill Prefix: Filling when every line is indented or in a comment, etc. Editing Programs
Program Modes: Major modes for editing programs.
Lists: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
List Commands: The commands for working with list and sexps.
Defuns: Each program is made up of separate functions. There are editing commands to operate on them.
Program Indent: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
Matching: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
Comments: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
Balanced Editing: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc.
Symbol Completion: Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
Documentation: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
Change Log: Maintaining a change history for your program.
Tags: Go direct to any function in your program in one command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
Emerge: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
C Mode: Special commands of C mode (and C++ mode).
Fortran: Fortran mode and its special features.
Asm Mode: Asm mode and its special features. Indentation for Programs
Basic Indent: Indenting a single line.
Multi-line Indent: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
Lisp Indent: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
C Indent: Choosing an indentation style for C code. Tags Tables
Tag Syntax: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
Create Tags Table: Creating a tags table with etags.
Select Tags Table: How to visit a tags table.
Find Tag: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
Tags Search: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
Tags Stepping: Visiting files in a tags table, one by one.
List Tags: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. Merging Files with Emerge
Overview of Emerge: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts.
Submodes of Emerge: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
State of Difference: You do the merge by specifying state A or B for each difference.
Merge Commands: Commands for selecting a difference, changing states of differences, etc.
Exiting Emerge: What to do when you've finished the merge.
Combining in Emerge: How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
Fine Points of Emerge: Misc. Compiling and Testing Programs
Compilation: Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.)
Debuggers: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
Executing Lisp: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with different facilities for running the Lisp programs.
Libraries: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
Interaction: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
Eval: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
External Lisp: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. Running Debuggers Under Emacs
Starting GUD: How to start a debugger subprocess.
Debugger Operation: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
Commands of GUD: Key bindings for common commands.
GUD Customization: Defining your own commands for GUD. Abbrevs
Abbrev Concepts: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
Defining Abbrevs: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
Expanding Abbrevs: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
Editing Abbrevs: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
Saving Abbrevs: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
Dynamic Abbrevs: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. Editing Pictures
Basic Picture: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
Insert in Picture: Controlling direction of cursor motion after "self-inserting" characters.
Tabs in Picture: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
Rectangles in Picture: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. Sending Mail
Mail Format: Format of the mail being composed.
Mail Headers: Details of permitted mail header fields.
Mail Aliases: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
Mail Mode: Special commands for editing mail being composed.
Distracting NSA: How to distract the NSA's attention. Reading Mail with Rmail
Rmail Basics: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
Rmail Scrolling: Scrolling through a message.
Rmail Motion: Moving to another message.
Rmail Deletion: Deleting and expunging messages.
Rmail Inbox: How mail gets into the Rmail file.
Rmail Files: Using multiple Rmail files.
Rmail Output: Copying message out to files.
Rmail Labels: Classifying messages by labeling them.
Rmail Reply: Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
Rmail Summary: Summaries show brief info on many messages.
Rmail Sorting: Sorting messages in Rmail.
Rmail Display: How Rmail displays a message; customization.
Rmail Editing: Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
Rmail Digest: Extracting the messages from a digest message.
Out of Rmail: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
Rmail Rot13: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. Dired, the Directory Editor
Dired Enter: How to invoke Dired.
Dired Commands: Commands in the Dired buffer.
Dired Deletion: Deleting files with Dired.
Flagging Many Files: Flagging files based on their names.
Dired Visiting: Other file operations through Dired.
Marks vs Flags: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
Operating on Files: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. either one file or several files.
Shell Commands in Dired: Running a shell command on the marked files.
Transforming File Names: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
Comparison in Dired: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
Subdirectories in Dired: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
Subdirectory Motion: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
Hiding Subdirectories: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
Dired Updating: Discarding lines for files of no interest.
Dired and Find: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. The Calendar and the Diary
Calendar Motion: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
Scroll Calendar: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
Counting Days: How many days are there between two dates?
General Calendar: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
Holidays: Displaying dates of holidays.
Sunrise/Sunset: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
Lunar Phases: Displaying phases of the moon.
Other Calendars: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
Diary: Displaying events from your diary.
Appointments: Reminders when it's time to do something.
Daylight Savings: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. Movement in the Calendar
Calendar Unit Motion: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
Move to Beginning or End: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
Specified Dates: Moving to the current date or another specific date. Conversion To and From Other Calendars
Calendar Systems: The calendars Emacs understands (aside from Gregorian).
To Other Calendar: Converting the selected date to various calendars.
From Other Calendar: Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
Mayan Calendar: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. The Diary
Diary Commands: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
Format of Diary File: Entering events in your diary.
Date Formats: Various ways you can specify dates.
Adding to Diary: Commands to create diary entries.
Special Diary Entries: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. GNUS
Buffers of GNUS: The Newsgroups, Summary and Article buffers.
GNUS Startup: What you should know about starting GNUS.
Summary of GNUS: A short description of the basic GNUS commands. Running Shell Commands from Emacs
Single Shell: How to run one shell command and return.
Interactive Shell: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
Shell Mode: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
Shell History: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
Shell Options: Options for customizing Shell mode.
Remote Host: Connecting to another computer. Customization
Minor Modes: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on independently of any others.
Variables: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables to decide what to do; by setting variables, you can control their functioning.
Keyboard Macros: A keyboard macro records a sequence of keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
Key Bindings: The keymaps say what command each key runs. By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
Keyboard Translations: If your keyboard passes an undesired code for a key, you can tell Emacs to substitute another code.
Syntax: The syntax table controls how words and expressions are parsed.
Init File: How to write common customizations in the `.emacs' file. Variables
Examining: Examining or setting one variable's value.
Edit Options: Examining or editing list of all variables' values.
Hooks: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
Locals: Per-buffer values of variables.
File Variables: How files can specify variable values. Keyboard Macros
Basic Kbd Macro: Defining and running keyboard macros.
Save Kbd Macro: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
Kbd Macro Query: Keyboard macros that do different things each use. Customizing Key Bindings
Keymaps: Generalities. The global keymap.
Prefix Keymaps: Keymaps for prefix keys.
Local Keymaps: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
Minibuffer Maps: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
Rebinding: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
Init Rebinding: Rebinding keys with your init file, `.emacs'.
Function Keys: Rebinding terminal function keys.
Named ASCII Chars: Distinguishing TAB from C-i, and so on.
Mouse Buttons: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
Disabling: Disabling a command means confirmation is required before it can be executed. This is done to protect beginners from surprises. The Init File, `~/.emacs'
Init Syntax: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
Init Examples: How to do some things with an init file.
Terminal Init: Each terminal type can have an init file.
Find Init: How Emacs finds the init file. Dealing with Emacs Trouble
DEL Gets Help: What to do if DEL doesn't delete.
Stuck Recursive: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
Screen Garbled: Garbage on the screen.
Text Garbled: Garbage in the text.
Unasked-for Search: Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
Memory Full: How to cope when you run out of memory.
Emergency Escape: Emergency escape--- What to do if Emacs stops responding.
Total Frustration: When you are at your wits' end. Reporting Bugs
Criteria: Have you really found a bug?
Understanding Bug Reporting: How to report a bug effectively.
Checklist: Steps to follow for a good bug report.
Sending Patches: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. Command Line Options and Arguments
Action Arguments: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, and call functions.
Initial Options: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
Command Example: Examples of using command line arguments.
Resume Arguments: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
Environment: Environment variables that Emacs uses.
Display X: Changing the default display and using remote login.
Font X: Choosing a font for text, under X.
Colors X: Choosing colors, under X.
Window Size X: Start-up window size, under X.
Borders X: Internal and external borders, under X.
Icons X: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
Resources X: Advanced use of classes and resources, under X.
Lucid Resources: X resources for Lucid menus.
Motif Resources: X resources for Motif menus. Environment Variables
General Variables: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
Misc Variables: Certain system specific variables.

Preface

This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints.

This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the tutorial, start Emacs and type C-h t. This way you can learn Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you see.

On first reading, just skim chapters one and two, which describe the notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter four you should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary.

Chapters 14 through 18 describe intermediate-level features that are useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 19 and following chapters describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those chapters when you need them

Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems (see section Dealing with Emacs Trouble), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs (see section Reporting Bugs). To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index. Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.

This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will be the principle way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system. Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain substantially the same text and are generated from the same source files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs.

GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, "Emacs, the Extensible, Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor", to Publications Department, Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. At last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS TM-165, "A Cookbook for an Emacs", by Craig Finseth, available from Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. The price today is $3.

This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS (aka. MS-DOG) and Windows NT systems, but those systems have different file name syntax and do not support all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this manual. See section MS-DOS Issues, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS.

Distribution

GNU Emacs is free software; this means that everyone is free to use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also appears following this section.

One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file `etc/FTP' in the Emacs distribution for more information.

You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.

You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation, on various magnetic media or on CD-ROM. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included at the end of manuals printed by the Foundation. It is also included in the file `etc/ORDERS' in the Emacs distribution. For further information, write to

Free Software Foundation
59 Temple Place, Suite 330
Boston, MA  02111-1307 USA
USA

The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our existing programs including GNU Emacs.

If you find GNU Emacs useful, please send a donation to the Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free Software Foundation are tax deductible. If you use GNU Emacs at your workplace, suggest that the company make a donation. If company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.

Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe Arceneax, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Frank Bresz, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary Delp, Matthieu Devin, Scott Draves, Viktor Dukhovni, Rolf Ebert, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Noah Friedman, Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, David Gillespie, Boris Goldowsky, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Lars Ingebrigtsen, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Lars Lindberg, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, David Megginson, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, Franceso A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John Robinson, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William Schelter, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Randal Schwartz, Mark Shapiro, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, William Sommerfeld, Ake Stenhoff, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Jamie Zawinski, and Neal Ziring.

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